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Rules of Capitalization: A Review Sheet for 9th Graders

Understanding when to capitalize words is essential for clear and effective writing. Below are the primary rules of capitalization that every 9th grader should know. This guide is designed to help you navigate the complexities of capitalization in the English language.

1. The First Word in a Sentence

Always capitalize the first word of a new sentence. This rule applies to any complete thought.

• Example: The dog barked loudly.

2. Proper Nouns

Proper nouns, which are the specific names of people, places, organizations, and sometimes things, must be capitalized.

• Examples:
  • People: Alice, Dr. Smith
  • Places: Paris, Mount Everest
  • Organizations: Microsoft, United Nations

3. Titles of People

Capitalize titles when they are used as part of a person's name or as a direct address. If used generically, they should be in lowercase.

• Examples:
  • President Lincoln delivered a speech.
  • I spoke to the president of the company.

4. Days, Months, and Holidays

Always capitalize the names of days of the week, months of the year, and holidays.

• Examples:
  • Monday, January, Christmas

5. Names of Specific Places and Geographic Features

Capitalize the names of specific locations, landmarks, and geographic features.

• Examples:
  • Grand Canyon, Atlantic Ocean, Sahara Desert

6. Titles of Works

Capitalize the key words in the titles of books, movies, songs, and other works. This often includes the first, last, and all major words with four letters or more.

• Examples:
  • The Great Gatsby, Star Wars

7. The Pronoun "I"

Always capitalize the pronoun "I." It is the only pronoun that is always written in uppercase.

• Example: I am going to the store.

8. Acronyms and Initialisms

Capitalize all letters in acronyms and initialisms.

• Examples:
  • NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

9. Titles of People When Preceded by a Name

Capitalize titles when they proceed the name, but not when they follow it or are used without a name.

• Examples:
  • Queen Elizabeth II, but the queen of England.

10. Historical Events and Periods

Capitalize names of significant historical events and periods.

• Examples:
  • World War II, The Great Depression

11. Languages and Nationalities

Always capitalize the names of languages and nationalities.

• Examples:
  • Spanish, American, French

12. Religions and Deities

Capitalize the names of religions, religious figures, and deities.

• Examples:
  • Christianity, Buddhism, Allah, Jesus Christ

13. Significant Words in Titles of Movies, Books, and Songs

Capitalize the first and last words, as well as all major words in titles.

• Examples:
  • Gone with the Wind, A Tale of Two Cities

14. Do Not Capitalize Common Nouns

Common nouns should not be capitalized unless they are part of a title or the beginning of a sentence.

• Examples:
  • school, city, friend, unless used in a specific context:
    • City of New York

15. Specific Terms and Events

Specific terms and historical events should be capitalized to reflect their importance.

• Examples:
  • Renaissance, Cold War

Conclusion

Mastering the rules of capitalization can greatly improve your writing skills and clarity. Always remember to review your work to identify capitalization errors before finalizing any piece of writing. These rules will help you present your ideas in a polished and professional manner. Happy writing!